Gene Therapy Advancements for Precision Cancer Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa – Nigeria Perspective

Recent breakthroughs in gene therapy have ushered in a new era in precision cancer treatment, offering a transformative approach to combating malignancy and high mortality rates. The development of cutting-edge techniques in gene therapy for cancer treatment has led to a more precise strategy in cancer treatment by focusing on the genetic architecture of the cancer cells and enhancing the immune response to these malignant cells. This article looks at four (4) basic approaches: gene replacement techniques, gene editing techniques, RNA-based techniques and oncolytic viruses; these strategies have revolutionised oncology and cancer treatment, especially in the 21st century, with many of their principles stemming from the 20th century. For example, using the CRISPR-Cas9 technology has revolutionised disease treatment - cancer since its development by Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudnagene by improving genetic expression and correcting mutation editing. Aside from these techniques, there are many emerging gene therapy approaches for cancer treatment, with many in their final clinical trial stage. These emerging techniques involve the utilisation of neoantigens/cancer vaccines, epigenetic modulation and combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Although this novel approach offers better prospects than conventional cancer treatment, they still face challenges, such as ethical issues, regulation and enhancement of vectors. Sub-Saharan Africa - Nigeria stands a chance to benefit from these novel strategies for cancer through commitment, building infrastructures and private-public partnerships. The roles played by biomedical scientists and researchers are pivotal to offering better prospects for precision medicine in cancer treatment.