Real-time Volt-Var control of grid forming converters in DER-enriched distribution network

The growing installation of distributed energy resources (DERs) in a distribution network (DN) poses substantial issues related to voltage regulation. Due to constrained switching operation and slower response time, traditional voltage regulation devices cannot handle current voltage-related challenges. One alternative to solve these problems is to use smart converters to control the reactive power to regulate the voltage. Volt-Var control (VVC) is one of the simplest approaches for controlling the reactive power from smart converters. Among several converters, grid forming converters (GFCs) are more suitable in DER-enriched distribution networks. Since DER-enriched distribution networks have a higher fluctuation in voltage profile, real-time control is advantageous. Therefore, this work presents an advanced real-time reactive power control for handling voltage violations in a DN using GFC. The uniqueness of this method is that it controls the voltage magnitude of affected nodes by dispatching reactive power from smart converters in real-time. By running cyber-physical co-simulation (CPCS) between the Typhoon HIL 604 and OpenDSS, the Volt-Var control can be done in real time. The grid-forming converter is modelled in Typhoon HIL 604, which acts as a physical layer of the proposed cyber-physical system for real-time VVC. A CIGRE medium voltage distribution network is designed in OpenDSS and serves as one of the parts of the cyber layer. The CPCS between Typhoon HIL and OpenDSS and the control algorithm are both done by a programme written in Python. The execution of the control algorithm is performed in real time using the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) developed in this study. The real-time simulation shows that the proposed real-time VVC is capable of handling voltage violations in real time in DER-enriched distribution networks.